The square, once home to The flu was first observed As human civilizations flourished, so did infectious disease. Large numbers of people living in close proximity to each other and to animals, often with poor sanitation and nutrition, provided fertile breeding grounds for disease.
And new overseas trading routes spread the novel The horrific scale of the influenza pandemic—known as the "Spanish flu"—is hard to fathom. The virus infected and killed at least 50 million worldwide, according to the CDC.
While the Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Symptoms of the Black Plague Europeans were scarcely equipped for the horrible reality of the Black Death. How Did the Black Death Spread?
Understanding the Black Death Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called Yersinia pestis. Recommended for you.
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Discovery of Yersinia pestis. The understanding of plague really began during the Chinese and Indian epidemics in the latter decade of the nineteenth century. During the Chinese epidemic, Shibasaburo Kitasato and Andre Yersin , independently identified the cause of the plague, but not without controversy. In , the bubonic plague had already spread through southern China and then to Hong Kong. On May 8, , James Lowson , a year-old Scottish physician, was sent to investigate the Hong Kong outbreak.
Upon his arrival, he diagnosed the first cases of the bubonic plague. Two days later, Lowson found 20 more deaths from the plague at a Hong Kong Hospital. On May 10, the health authorities recommended house-to-house searches for cases, disinfection of affected dwellings, rapid disposal of corpses, and isolation of patients on a hospital ship.
Kitasato arrived from Tokyo on June 12, after achieving distinction with the discovery of the role of Clostridium tetani in lockjaw. Almost immediately he discovered a bacillus growing from post-mortem specimens. Although Kitasato may have been unsure of his results, Lowson had no doubt that Kitasato had discovered the plague bacillus.
On June 15 he wired The Lancet and reported that Kitasato had discovered the plague bacillus. Raoult D, Drancourt M. Yersinia Pestis and Plague. University of Marseille. Dobson M. Quercus: London, Porter S. The Great Plague. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire; Sutton Publishing, In : WHO. Plague and Other Yersinia Infections. Rosen W. New York: Viking Penguin, Gottfried RS. The Black Death. London: Robert Hale Ltd, Halsall P. Medieval Sourcebook: Procopius: The Plague, Tikhomirov E.
Epidemiology and Distribution of Plague. Morony MG. In : Little LK. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Zeigler P.
Godalming, Surrey: Bramley Books, Garrison F H. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. Schreiber W, Mathys FK. Infectio: Infectious Diseases in the History of Medicine. Basle: F. Nohl J. Translated by CH Clarke. Damen M. The origin of quarantine. Clin Infect Dis ; 35 9 : Gregg CT.
Revised edition. Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, Alexandre Yersin Paul-Louis Simond Curson PH. Times of Crisis: Epidemics in Sydney Sydney: Sydney University Press, Yersinia pestis — etiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev ; 10 1 : Zoonotic Infections — Plague.
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