Risk factors While the exact cause in most cases is unknown, certain factors make a pregnancy more susceptible to placental abruption. Risk factors may include: Advanced maternal age — older mothers are at increased risk of a range of pregnancy complications, including placental abruption.
Prior pregnancy — the risk increases the more pregnancies a woman has had. Multiple fetuses — carrying twins, triplets, quads or more increases the risk of placental abruption compared to carrying a single fetus.
Prior placental abruption — if a woman has had the condition before, she is at high risk of having it again. Hypertension — high blood pressure increases the risk of abnormal bleeding between the placenta and the wall of the uterus.
One of the most common causes of hypertension during pregnancy is a condition known as pre-eclampsia. Excessive amniotic fluid polyhydramnious — more fluid than normal increases the risk of bleeding between the placenta and the uterus wall. Substance use — cigarette smoking, alcohol use and taking drugs such as methamphetamine or cocaine during pregnancy increase the risk of placenta abruption as well as a range of other serious health problems for both mother and unborn baby.
Very rarely, the needle puncture causes bleeding. Amnioreduction — the prenatal condition of too much amniotic fluid is called polyhydramnious.
This procedure uncommonly causes bleeding. This procedure can occasionally rarely dislodge the placenta. Complications Complications in severe cases can include: Decreased oxygen to the baby, which could lead to brain damage Stillbirth Maternal blood loss leading to shock Emergency hysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus if the bleeding cannot be controlled Maternal death from severe blood loss. Diagnosis The symptoms and signs of placental abruption can mimic those of other pregnancy conditions, such as placenta previa and pre-eclampsia.
Information that may be used to diagnose placental abruption includes: Medical history Physical examination, including checking the tenderness and tone of the uterus Internal examination of the vagina and cervix, using a speculum Blood tests Ultrasound to check the placenta Fetal heartbeat monitoring.
Treatment All cases of suspected placental abruption, regardless of severity, should be closely monitored to protect the health and safety of the mother and child. See your doctor for regular check-ups and if your condition changes. Moderate cases, earlier in pregnancy — you may need to stay in hospital until the baby is old enough for the doctor to safely induce labour. A vaginal birth may be possible. However, if the placenta separates further from the wall of the uterus during labour, the doctor may switch to immediate delivery via caesarean section.
If you have high blood pressure, work with your health care provider to monitor the condition. Always wear your seatbelt when in a motor vehicle. If you've had abdominal trauma — from an auto accident, fall or other injury — seek immediate medical help. If you've had a placental abruption, and you're planning another pregnancy, talk to your health care provider before you conceive to see if there are ways to reduce the risk of another abruption. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Placental abruption Open pop-up dialog box Close. Placental abruption The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. These symptoms will get worse over time.
Call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. This is especially true if you experience vaginal bleeding in your third trimester.
The following risk factors can increase the likelihood you may experience placental abruption:. A doctor diagnoses placental abruption by conducting a physical exam, and often by performing an ultrasound.
You doctor may also conduct blood tests and fetal monitoring. They will try to collect as much information as possible to make the best decision for you and your baby.
The treatment for placental abruption depends upon the severity of the abruption. Your doctor will determine if your placental abruption is mild, moderate, or severe. Mild placental abruption is when blood loss has occurred, but the bleeding has slowed and you and your baby are stable. Treatments will also depend on how far along you are in your pregnancy.
This is the surgical removal of the uterus. Again, this is in rare instances of severe bleeding. Looking out for your health and safety can help prevent placental abruption. This includes always wearing your seatbelt, refraining from smoking, and keeping your blood pressure at a healthy level. If you're near your due date, you'll need to deliver your baby right away, even if the abruption is minor, because the placenta could separate further at any time.
If you're bleeding heavily or there are signs the baby is not getting enough oxygen, you'll have a c-section. However, if you have a small amount of bleeding that your provider suspects is from a minor abruption, and you and your baby are doing fine, you may be allowed to labor, as long as you're at a hospital where an emergency c-section can be done at the first sign of trouble.
If your provider suspects that you have a minor abruption and your baby is very premature, you may be able to delay delivery a bit, as long as you and your baby are doing fine. At this point you have to weigh the risk of a worsening abruption against the risk of a premature birth.
You may be given corticosteroids to speed the development of your baby's lungs and to prevent certain other problems related to prematurity. You'll stay in the hospital and be monitored closely so your medical team can get your baby out at the first sign that the abruption is getting worse or that you or your baby is no longer doing fine.
No one knows for sure what causes most cases of placental abruption, but the condition is more common in women who:. BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals.
We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies. Bleeding during pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Rh factor: How it can affect your pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
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